American Fascial Distortion Model Association

a Site for FDM Practitioners

Fascia and Other Related Articles

This page is broken into 3 sections: Fascia Research, FDM Critique, and Interrater Reliability.

Click on a title to view the relevant work. Full citations appear below the list of titles in each section. Documents served from this website are done so with permission of the owners.

Fascia Research

  1. Fascial Components of the Myofascial Pain Syndrome
  2. Clinical and Symptomatological Reflections: The Fascial System
  3. Modeled Osteopathic Manipulative Treatments: A Review of Their in Vitro Effects on Fibroblast Tissue Preparations
  4. Fascia Research from a Clinicians/Scientist’s Perspective
  5. Bioelectric Responsiveness of Fascia: A Model for Understanding the Effects of Manipulation. Techniques in Orthopaedics
  6. Fascial tissue research in sports medicine: from molecules to tissue adaptation, injury and diagnostics: consensus statement
  7. Introducing the Fascial Distortion Model
  8. Triggerband Technique
  9. Continuum technique
  10. Fascial distortion model (FDM-therapy). Principles of diagnosis and treatment (literature review)
  11. Innervation of the thoracolumbar fascia
  12. Soleus Muscle Herniation With Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Correlation in a Female Long-Distance Runner: A Case Report
  13. Fascial treatment versus manual therapy (HVLA) in patients with chronic neck pain: A randomized controlled trial
  14. Fasciae of the musculoskeletal system: normal anatomy and MR patterns of involvement in autoimmune diseases
  15. Characterizing Adverse Events Reported Immediately After Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment
  16. The Shape and Function of Solid Fascias Depend on the Presence of Liquid Fascias
  17. Entrapment of middle cluneal nerves as an unknown cause of low back pain
  18. Detection of Myofascial Herniation on Dynamic Sonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  19. Fascia Mobility, Proprioception, and Myofascial Pain
  20. Hyaluronan within fascia in the etiology of myofascial pain

AMA Citations

  1. Stecco A, Gesi M, Stecco C, Stern R. Fascial Components of the Myofascial Pain Syndrome. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2013; 17:352.
  2. Bordoni B, Zanier E. Clinical and Symptomatological Reflections: The Fascial System. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2014; 7:401-411.
  3. Zein-Hammoud M, Standley PR. Modeled Osteopathic Manipulative Treatments: A Review of Their in Vitro Effects on Fibroblast Tissue Preparations. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(8):490-502.
  4. Findley, Thomas. Fascia Research from a Clinicians/Scientist’s Perspective. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. Vol 4, Number 4, Dec 2011.
  5. O’Connell, Judith. Bioelectric Responsiveness of Fascia: A Model for Understanding the Effects of Manipulation. Techniques in Orthopaedics. 18(1):67–73 © 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc., Philadelphia.
  6. Zügel M, Maganaris CN, Wilke J, et al. Fascial tissue research in sports medicine: from molecules to tissue adaptation, injury and diagnostics: consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(23):1497
  7. Typaldos S. Introducing the Fascial Distortion Model. Am Acad of Osteopath J. 1994. 14-36. Spring 1994. https://afdma.com/articles/introducing-fascial-distortion-model/ Accessed May 16, 2016.
  8. Typaldos S. Triggerband Technique. Am Acad of Osteopath J. 1994. 15-18, 30-33. Winter 1994. https://afdma.com/articles/triggerband-technique/. Accessed May 16, 2016.
  9. Typaldos S. Continuum Technique. Am Acad of Osteopath J. 1995. 15-19. Summer 1995. https://afdma.com/articles/continuum-technique/. Accessed April 2019
  10. Boldin A.V., Sokolin S.B., Tardov M.V., Khaimov E.I. Fascial distortion model (FDM therapy). Principles of diagnosis and treatment (literature review). Russian Osteopathic Journal. 2020; 3 (50): 121-129. https://doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2020-3-121-129
  11. Mense S. Innervation of the thoracolumbar fascia. Eur J Transl Myol. 2019;29(3):8297. Published 2019 Sep 6. doi:10.4081/ejtm.2019.8297
  12. Cormier DJ, Gellhorn AC, Singh JR. Soleus Muscle Herniation With Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Correlation in a Female Long-Distance Runner: A Case Report. PM R. 2017 May;9(5):529-532. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.10.021. Epub 2016 Nov 11. PMID: 27840296
  13. Brück K, Jacobi K, Schmidt T. Fascial treatment versus manual therapy (HVLA) in patients with chronic neck pain: A randomized controlled trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2021 Jun 4. doi: 10.3233/BMR-191731. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34092587.
  14. Kirchgesner, T., Demondion, X., Stoenoiu, M. et al. Fasciae of the musculoskeletal system: normal anatomy and MR patterns of involvement in autoimmune diseases. Insights Imaging 9, 761–771 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-018-0650-1
  15. Degenhardt BF, Johnson JC, Brooks WJ, Norman L. Characterizing Adverse Events Reported Immediately After Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018 Mar 1;118(3):141-149. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2018.033. PMID: 29480914.
  16. Bordoni B. The Shape and Function of Solid Fascias Depend on the Presence of Liquid Fascias. Cureus. 2020 Feb 10;12(2):e6939. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6939. PMID: 32190491; PMCID: PMC7067346.
  17. Aota Y. Entrapment of middle cluneal nerves as an unknown cause of low back pain. World J Orthop. 2016;7(3):167-170. Published 2016 Mar 18. doi:10.5312/wjo.v7.i3.167
  18. Khaladkar SM, Kondapavuluri SK, Kamal A, Kalra R, Kamal V. Detection of Myofascial Herniation on Dynamic Sonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Case Rep Radiol. 2016;2016:4245189. doi: 10.1155/2016/4245189. Epub 2016 Jan 14. PMID: 26885428; PMCID: PMC4738740.
  19. Langevin HM. Fascia Mobility, Proprioception, and Myofascial Pain. Life (Basel). 2021 Jul 8;11(7):668. doi: 10.3390/life11070668. PMID: 34357040; PMCID: PMC8304470.
  20. Stecco C, Stern R, Porzionato A, Macchi V, Masiero S, Stecco A, De Caro R. Hyaluronan within fascia in the etiology of myofascial pain. Surg Radiol Anat. 2011 Dec;33(10):891-6. doi: 10.1007/s00276-011-0876-9. Epub 2011 Oct 2. PMID: 21964857.

FDM Critique

  1. A Fundamental critique of the fascial distortion model and its application in the clinical practice
  2. Critical Examination of the Fascial Distortion Model

AMA Citations

  1. Thalhamer, Christoph. A Fundamental critique of the fascial distortion model and its application in the clinical practice. Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies. 2017
  2. Thalhamer, Christph. Critical Consideration of the Fascial Distortion Model. Manual Therapy 2019; 23 (02): 81-89

Interrater Reliability

  1. Interrater Reliability in Evaluating the Body Language Based on the Fascial Distortion Model
  2. Interrater-Reliability of Distortion-Classification Using Body Language within the Fascial Distortion Model

AMA Citations

  1. Anker S. Interrater Reliability in Evaluating the Body Language Based on the Fascial Distortion Model (FDM) [Thesis]. Vienna: Vienna School of Osteopathy, Danube University Krems – Centre for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Complementary Medicine; 2011.
  2. Stechmann K. Interrater-Reliability of Distortion-Classification Using Body Language within the Fascial Distortion Model (FDM) [Thesis]. University of Applied Science and Arts; 2011
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